What is 5 Axis Machining and How Does It Work
5 axis machining helps you shape parts from almost any side. Other machines cannot move like this. It moves a tool in five ways at the same time. You can make hard shapes with fewer setups. You also get better accuracy.
You see 5 axis machining in places where accuracy is very important. These places include aerospace and medical fields. More people want this technology now. The market keeps growing because of new needs and better tools.
Table of Contents
What Is 5 Axis Machining
You use 5 axis machining when you need to shape parts with many sides or angles. This process uses a computer-controlled machine that moves a cutting tool in five different ways at the same time. You control three straight movements—left to right, front to back, and up and down. You also control two rotations. These extra movements let you reach almost any part of the workpiece without stopping to move it by hand.
5 axis machining in CNC manufacturing means the machine tool moves along three linear axes (X, Y, Z) and two rotary axes (A and B). This setup lets you position the tool or part at almost any angle. You can create complex and precise parts in just one setup. The machine uses advanced software to plan the tool path and avoid crashes. Skilled operators help make sure the process runs smoothly and safely.
Tip: You can make parts with deep holes, curved surfaces, or tricky angles much faster with 5 axis machining.
The Five Axes
You control five axes in this process. Each axis gives you a different type of movement:
- Linear axes:
- X axis: moves left to right
- Y axis: moves front to back
- Z axis: moves up and down
- Rotary axes:
- A axis: rotates around the X axis
- B axis: rotates around the Y axis
These five axes work together to let you machine parts from almost any direction. The two rotary axes add a lot of flexibility. You can tilt or spin the part or the tool. This means you do not need to stop and reposition the part as often. You save time and get better accuracy.
Here is a quick look at how each axis works:
| Axis | Type | Movement |
|---|---|---|
| X | Linear | Left to right |
| Y | Linear | Front to back |
| Z | Linear | Up and down |
| A | Rotary | Rotates around X (tilting) |
| B | Rotary | Rotates around Y (spinning) |
The two rotary axes let you cut complex shapes and reach hard-to-access areas. You can machine several sides of a part in one go. This reduces the number of setups by up to 80%. You also get better surface finishes and less material waste. The tool can always stay at the best angle, which helps your tools last longer.
- You can make parts with deep cavities or compound angles.
- You do not need to change fixtures as often.
- You get high repeatability and tight tolerances.
Note: Many people think 5 axis machining is always better than 3+2 machining, but sometimes using the rotary axes just for positioning gives you faster results and better rigidity.
Key Takeaways
- 5 axis machining moves a cutting tool in five ways at once. This lets you shape parts from almost any side. You do not need to set up the part many times.
- This method saves time and lowers mistakes. It can cut many sides of a part in one step. This makes the part more accurate and smooth.
- It is best for making hard parts with odd shapes, deep holes, and curves. It is used a lot in aerospace, medical, and car industries.
- 5 axis machines cost more money and need skilled workers. But they work faster and make parts more exact. They can take the place of many simple machines.
- Advanced software and controls help plan safe tool paths. They stop crashes and help get the same good results every time.
How It Works
5 Axis Machining Process
You begin by putting your part on the machine. First, you hold the workpiece tight and check its position. You set the work offset to tell the machine where the part is. This step matters a lot because small mistakes can ruin the part.
Next, you use special software to plan the toolpaths. The software tells the cutting tool how to move on X, Y, and Z axes. It also tells the tool how to tilt and spin on A and B axes. You can pick different ways to set up. Some people use the center point of rotation as the starting spot. Others use more than one work offset for different angles. Some advanced machines use dynamic work offsets. These make setup faster and easier.
After setup, you run the program. The machine follows the toolpath and cuts the part. You do not need to stop or move the part by hand. The machine can reach almost every side in one try. This saves time and helps avoid mistakes.
Tip: Always check your setup and toolpaths before you start. This helps stop crashes and keeps your parts correct.
Simultaneous Movement
The main strength of 5 axis machining is moving all five axes at once. The CNC control system handles these moves with great care. Brands like Hurco and FANUC have controls that help with hard shapes and surfaces. These controls use tool center point control and collision detection. They keep your work smooth and safe.
When you use all axes together, the tool follows the part’s curves. This lets you make shapes that regular machines cannot do. For example, you can make turbine blades, medical implants, or custom car parts. These parts have smooth surfaces and tight fits.
Here is a table that shows how moving all axes helps you:
| Technique/Benefit | Explanation |
|---|---|
| Simultaneous Movement | All five axes move together, letting you cut complex shapes and surfaces. |
| Stock Relief | Removes extra material quickly and keeps the tool safe. |
| Geodesic Machining | Tool follows the part’s curves, giving a better finish. |
| Engraving and Projection | Lets you engrave or add details on curved surfaces. |
| Swarf Machining and Edge Breaking | Smooths edges and manages chips for a clean result. |
| Reduced Setups | Cuts from many angles in one go, so you do not need to reposition the part. |
| Cost and Time Efficiency | Saves time and reduces waste by using the best toolpaths. |
You get more than just speed with this process. Moving all axes at once lets you use shorter cutting tools. Shorter tools shake less and last longer. You can cut deep holes and hard angles without extra setups. This gives you better accuracy and smoother surfaces.
- You spend less time setting up.
- You make fewer mistakes.
- You get parts that fit and work better.
Note: Advanced software and simulation tools help you plan safe toolpaths. They check for crashes and help you avoid costly errors.
5 axis machining lets you finish hard parts in one cycle. You do not need to move the part many times. This lowers the chance of mistakes. You get faster work, better quality, and less waste.
Equipped with a state-of-the-art 5-axis CNC machining center, Profab makes it easy to realize complex structures and creative designs, helping you bring your ideas to life with precision. And there’s so much more service to discover!
FAQ
What is the main difference between 3 axis and 5 axis machining?
You can move the tool in five directions with 5 axis machining. This lets you reach more sides of a part in one setup. 3 axis machines only move up, down, left, and right.
Do you need special training to use a 5 axis machine?
Yes, you need extra training. You must learn how to program and set up the machine. You also need to know how to use special software and avoid mistakes.
Can 5 axis machining make any shape?
You can make most shapes, even ones with curves and deep holes. Some shapes may still need other tools or steps, but 5 axis machining covers almost all complex parts.